This course focuses on different historical examples of political violence both from "below" and "above" such as popular risings and revolutions, terrorism, acts of genocide and state-sanctioned terror directed towards the state's own citizens. Political violence in terms of regular warfare between states will not be included in the course other than in passing for contextual reasons. Within the course, political/ideological as well as social, religious, philosophical/ethical and other relevant causes and justifications for political violence will be discussed and analysed, as well as the relevance of these historical examples for the understanding of contemporary developments.
